
Brain mapping is all the rage right now. Europeans have their $1.6 billion Human Brain Project, and Obama recently okayed the US’s $100 million brain mapping initiative. There’s also Sebastian Seung’s efforts to map the brain’s connectome, and the OpenWorm project — a plan to simulate the C. Elegans nematode worm in a computer. And recently, a team comprised of artificial intelligence theorists, roboticists, and consciousness experts announced their intentions to develop a robot with the intelligence of a three-year-old child.
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The breakthroughs are starting to come in. Just last week, European scientists produced the first ultra-high resolution 3D scan of the entire human brain. They captured the brain’s physical detail at the astonishingly low resolution of 20-microns.
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Given all this, it’ll only be a matter of time before scientists take all this newfound insight and start to build brains inside of computers. At first, these emulations will be simple. But eventually, they’ll exhibit capacities that are akin to the real thing — including subjective awareness.
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“We don’t want to build a future build on bad methods,” he told the audience, “Ethics matter because we want to be good.”
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Sandberg also pointed out the work of Thomas Metzinger, who back in 2003 argued that it would be deeply horrendously unethical to develop conscious software — software that can suffer.
Metzinger had this to say about the prospect:
What would you say if someone came along and said, “Hey, we want to genetically engineer mentally retarded human infants! For reasons of scientific progress we need infants with certain cognitive and emotional deficits in order to study their postnatal psychological development — we urgently need some funding for this important and innovative kind of
As an aside, any emulated brain will need to be endowed with an emulated body situated within a simulated environment. The purpose of the brain is to present us with a model of the world, and it does so by drawing information from the senses. So, without a body and an environment, an emulated brain would not be able to function properly.
Human Emulations
And then there’s the issue of building a human brain inside a computer — a development that will introduce an entire battery of questions and issues.
For example, would we believe that an emulated human brain is conscious? And would it have rights?
It’s conceivable that, without the proper foresight and necessary prescriptions, a successful human emulation will be considered a non-entity — a non-person devoid of any legal protections and rights. By consequence, it could be subject to destructive editing and loss of (virtual) bodily autonomy.
Even if it did have rights, there are still potential risks. It’s handling could be flawed, or it could be emotionally distressed.
“Emulations may be rights holders, yet have existences not worth experiencing or be unable to express its wishes,” said Sandberg. “And when should we pull the plug? Or would we store it indefinitely?”
Another issue is time-rate rights. Does a human emulation have the right to live in real-time, so that it can interact properly with non-digital society?
The other thing to consider is identity and intellectual property rights. Emulations could lack privacy, and they’d be subject to copying, instant erasure, and editing — an, have no guarantee of self-contained embodiment. Digital minds could also be copied illegally and bootlegged. Issues may also emerge about ownership over brain scans.
“We need to do some tricks here,” concluded Sandberg, “We have a chance to get to the future in a moral way.”
Preparing For the Future
Sandberg is totally on the right track here. Foresight is key. We can’t just hope to resolve these issues after the fact. We’re talking about creating moral agents; if their suffering can be averted, then let’s do it.

and I still agree with the general principle behind the list. And what’s more, it’s an issue that will undoubtedly carry over to mind uploads and robots running either brain emulations or sophisticated artificial general intelligence programming.
Eventually, we’ll also have to include some negative rights to mitigate certain risks, like transcending uploads, or the enslaving of one's own copies.
The point is to get to the future in a moral way.
Discussion
Popular
Denisdekat
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:57am
Yeah interesting but what about all the neurons in the stomach? Would we be the same without those?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id…
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George Dvorsky
Denisdekat
6/27/13 1:30pm
It's assumed that all physiological aspects required for fully functional human cognition would be considered and simulated, including gut biome.
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Zen Mutiny
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 12:13pm
The right to copy (or not copy) oneself
I would include here, the right not to be copied against one's will.
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George Dvorsky
Zen Mutiny
6/27/13 1:29pm
Yes, definitely.
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casen
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 12:02pm
I like your rules, but I would remove or qualify this one: "The right to have full and unhindered access to one’s own source code." If you mean they have the right to see their own code (read-only access), then ok. If you mean they can alter their own source code, then no.
Oft used example: we don't want them realizing the human race is killing itself and therefore the AI decides to hasten it for us. I personally would not vote for this rule. Too much unpredictability, imo.
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George Dvorsky
casen
6/27/13 1:29pm
I think they should have access and the right to self-modification — but not all mods should be allowable.
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delphifissure
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 12:54pm
Suicide rights...a sentient program should have the ability to delete itself if it so chose.
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George Dvorsky
delphifissure
6/27/13 1:27pm
Agreed.
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Corpore Metal
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:41am
I'd add the right to have a body and senses on that list.
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George Dvorsky
Corpore Metal
6/27/13 11:48am
Interesting — I like it.
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Corpore Metal
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 12:07pm
And I think it's kind of key. Otherwise we have a Johnny Got his Gun situation and that's something you don't want to subject any conscious being to.
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7856785
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:36am
This is a great article. The future is here. Now deal with it.
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George Dvorsky
7856785
6/27/13 11:47am
Thank you.
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LambicPentamter
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:26am
"Would it be evil to build a functional brain inside a computer?"
The Orange Catholic Bible says 'yes'
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DTurkin
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:28am
And again I'm left thinking that just because something is possible, it doesn't mean it should be done. Imagine if a person's brain was faithfully emulated, it would suffer from a type of 'locked-in syndrome', something I wouldn't wish on my worse enemies. Then, because it was conscious, we wouldn't be able to pull the plug because it is a sentient being. Only sub-sentient emulations should ever be made of a human brain.
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Bat-dork
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:38am
Why are we so obsessed with creating human-like intelligence by artificial means and raise all the ethical questions, when a human brain can be produced by a night of wild sex, high alcohol and poor judgement?
I certainly understand that brain-like power in a device has several advantages. But going as far as trying to achieve actual thought and sentience means we're no longer simply creating a tool. We're creating a being, and we are potentially creating our own Skynet. Shouldn't we focus in making sure these technologies remain as tools for our own sake?
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onetosee4one
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 11:44am
I know this will be taken the wrong way, But does anyone think this sounds like the image of the beast? It does to me.
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J. Steve White
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 12:28pm
Of course, the elephant in the room is the Simulation Argument. If we can, in fact, simulate a "human brain" in an electronic environment, simulate reality and interaction, then it becomes highly likely that we are, ourselves, such simulations.
But it remains to be seen that consciousness is substrate independent. It's not that I think it's not, it's that we literally have insufficient data to make that call right now. If, in fact, consciousness is substrate independent, then the Simulation Argument becomes very strong.
And, of course, one must define consciousness before one can grant rights to 'anyone who possesses it'.
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J. Steve White
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 12:35pm
I don't find Metzinger's argument particularly compelling in this context (though I love his work on consciousness). Why would we necessarily reason from the concept of taking a human and crippling them as an analogy for thinking machines, rather than, say, taking a mouse and making it much, much smarter? Would it necessarily suffer? I don't think that we can make that assumption - or that it's even warranted.
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chiki_briki
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 1:12pm
I would argue that the capacity to reason and solve equations is a function of cogitation, whereas things like empathy and suffering (or at least a lot of it) is based around chemical exchanges, and hormones, and other squishy bits that an AI wouldn't necessarily have a need for.
Now, if we're simulating a full human being, Openworm style, and including simulations of all those squishy bits. then yes, I would say these apply. But I don't think an AI constructed as an AI would have the same empathetic or emotional responses without at least some wetware.
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Zen Mutiny
George Dvorsky
6/27/13 4:25pm
Anyone read Accelerando(Singularity) by Charles Stross? I'm reading it right now, and it explores a lot of these topics. It's easily the best hard sci fi I've read since Kim Stanley Robinson's 2312.
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