------------------------------------------------------------ Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence displayed ===> Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the hypothetical intelligence of a machine that has the capacity to understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can. It is a primary goal of some artificial intelligence research and a common topic in science fiction and futures studies. AGI can also be referred to as strong AI, full AI, or general intelligent action. Some academic sources reserve the term "strong AI" for machines that can experience consciousness. Today's AI is speculated to be decades away from AGI. ===> Artificial general intelligence Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the hypothetical intelligence of a machine that has the capacity to understand or learn any intellectual task ===> Symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level "symbolic" (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search. Symbolic AI was the dominant paradigm of AI research from the mid-1950s until the late 1980s. ===> Symbolic artificial intelligence Symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level "symbolic" ===> The history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The seeds of modern AI were planted by classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the mechanical manipulation of symbols. This work culminated in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain. ===> History of artificial intelligence history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness ===> A.I. Artificial Intelligence is a 2001 American science fiction drama film directed by Steven Spielberg. The screenplay by Spielberg and screen story by Ian Watson were loosely based on the 1969 short story "Supertoys Last All Summer Long" by Brian Aldiss. The film was produced by Kathleen Kennedy, Spielberg and Bonnie Curtis. It stars Haley Joel Osment, Jude Law, Frances O'Connor, Brendan Gleeson and William Hurt. Set in a futuristic post-climate change society, A.I. tells the story of David (Osment), a childlike android uniquely programmed with the ability to love. ===> A.I. Artificial Intelligence A.I. Artificial Intelligence (also known as A.I.) is a 2001 American science fiction drama film directed by Steven Spielberg. The screenplay by Spielberg ===> Artificial intelligence has close connections with philosophy because both use concepts that have the same names and these include intelligence, action, consciousness, epistemology, and even free will. Furthermore, the technology is concerned with the creation of artificial animals or artificial people so the discipline is of considerable interest to philosophers. These factors contributed to the emergence of the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Some scholars argue that the AI community's dismissal of philosophy is detrimental. ===> Philosophy of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence has close connections with philosophy because both use concepts that have the same names and these include intelligence, action ===> A friendly artificial intelligence is a hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive (benign) effect on humanity. It is a part of the ethics of artificial intelligence and is closely related to machine ethics. While machine ethics is concerned with how an artificially intelligent agent should behave, friendly artificial intelligence research is focused on how to practically bring about this behaviour and ensuring it is adequately constrained. ===> Friendly artificial intelligence A friendly artificial intelligence (also friendly AI or FAI) is a hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive (benign) ===>===>===> Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA) is a university textbook on artificial intelligence, written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. It was first published in 1995 and the fourth edition of the book was released 28 April 2020. It is used in over 1400 universities worldwide and has been called "the most popular artificial intelligence textbook in the world". It is considered the standard text in the field of artificial intelligence. ===>===>===> Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA) is a university textbook on artificial intelligence, written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. ===>===>===> Artificial intelligence researchers have developed several specialized programming languages for artificial intelligence: ===> List of programming languages for artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence researchers have developed several specialized programming languages for artificial intelligence: AIML (meaning "Artificial Intelligence ===> Artificial intelligence in healthcare is the use of complex algorithms and software in other words artificial intelligence (AI) to emulate human cognition in the analysis, interpretation, and comprehension of complicated medical and healthcare data. Specifically, AI is the ability of computer algorithms to approximate conclusions without direct human input. ===> Artificial intelligence in healthcare Artificial intelligence in healthcare is the use of complex algorithms and software in other words artificial intelligence (AI) to emulate human cognition ===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===> risk from artificial general intelligence is the hypothesis Existential risk from artificial general intelligence is the hypothesis that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could someday result in human extinction or some other unrecoverable global catastrophe. It is argued that the human species currently dominates other species because the human brain has some distinctive capabilities that other animals lack. If AI surpasses humanity in general intelligence and becomes "superintelligent", then it could become difficult or impossible for humans to control. Just as the fate of the mountain gorilla depends on human goodwill, so might the fate of humanity depend on the actions of a future machine superintelligence. ===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===> Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Existential risk from artificial general intelligence is the hypothesis that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could someday ===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===> in today's society .., Artificial intelligence, defined as intelligence exhibited by machines, has many applications in today's society. More specifically, it is Weak AI, the form of AI where programs are developed to perform specific tasks, that is being utilized for a wide range of activities including medical diagnosis, electronic trading platforms, robot control, and remote sensing. AI has been used to develop and advance numerous fields and industries, including finance, healthcare, education, transportation, and more. ===> Applications of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence, defined as intelligence exhibited by machines, has many applications in today's society. More specifically, it is Weak AI, the ===> In January 2015, Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and dozens of artificial intelligence experts signed an open letter on artificial intelligence calling for research on the societal impacts of AI. The letter affirmed that society can reap great potential benefits from artificial intelligence, but called for concrete research on how to prevent certain potential "pitfalls": artificial intelligence has the potential to eradicate disease and poverty, but researchers must not create something which cannot be controlled. The four-paragraph letter, titled "Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence: An Open Letter", lays out detailed research priorities in an accompanying twelve-page document. ===> Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence Hawking, Elon Musk, and dozens of artificial intelligence experts signed an open letter on artificial intelligence calling for research on the societal ===>===>===>===> This glossary of artificial intelligence is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to the study of artificial intelligence, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. Related glossaries include Glossary of computer science, Glossary of robotics, and Glossary of machine vision. ===>===>===>===> Glossary of artificial intelligence This glossary of artificial intelligence is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to the study of artificial intelligence, its sub-disciplines ===>===>===>===> Artificial intelligence applications have been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and toys. However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore." "Many thousands of AI applications are deeply embedded in the infrastructure of every industry." In the late 1990s and early 21st century, AI technology became widely used as elements of larger systems, but the field is rarely credited for these successes. ===>===>===>===> Progress in artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence applications have been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific ===>===>===>===> Artificial intelligence applications have been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and toys. However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore." "Many thousands of AI applications are deeply embedded in the infrastructure of every industry." In the late 1990s and early 21st century, AI technology became widely used as elements of larger systems, but the field is rarely credited for these successes. ===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===> stock trading, robot control, law, scientific Progress in artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence applications have been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific ===>===>===> In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) refers to an autonomous entity which acts, directing its activity towards achieving goals, upon an environment using observation through sensors and consequent actuators. Intelligent agents may also learn or use knowledge to achieve their goals. They may be very simple or very complex. A reflex machine, such as a thermostat, is considered an example of an intelligent agent. ===>===>===> In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) refers to an autonomous entity which acts, directing its activity towards achieving goals, upon an environment using observation through sensors and consequent actuators. Intelligent agents may also learn or use knowledge to achieve their goals. They may be very simple or very complex. A reflex machine, such as a thermostat, is considered an example of an intelligent agent. ===>===>===> an environment using observation directing its activity towards achieving goals (i.e. an environment using observation ===>===>===> Intelligent agent (redirect from Artificial intelligence agent) In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) refers to an autonomous entity which acts, directing its activity towards achieving goals (i.e. ===>===>===> This is a timeline of artificial intelligence Timeline of artificial intelligence This is a timeline of artificial intelligence. Timeline of machine translation Timeline of machine learning McCorduck 2004, pp. 4–5 McCorduck (2004, pp ===>===>===>===>===>===> Explainable AI (XAI) refers to methods and techniques in the application of artificial intelligence technology (AI) such that the results of the solution can be understood by humans. It contrasts with the concept of the "black box" in machine learning where even their designers cannot explain why the AI arrived at a specific decision. XAI may be an implementation of the social right to explanation. XAI is relevant even if there is no legal rights or regulatory requirements—for example, XAI can improve the user experience of a product or service by helping end users trust that the AI is making good decisions. ===>===>===>===>===>===> Explainable artificial intelligence AI (XAI) refers to methods and techniques in the application of artificial intelligence technology (AI) such that the results of the solution can be understood ===>===>===>===>===>===> The technological singularity—also, simply, the singularity—is a hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization. According to the most popular version of the singularity hypothesis, called intelligence explosion, an upgradable intelligent agent will eventually enter a "runaway reaction" of self-improvement cycles, each new and more intelligent generation appearing more and more rapidly, causing an "explosion" in intelligence and resulting in a powerful superintelligence that qualitatively far surpasses all human intelligence. ===>===>===>===>===>===> Regulation of artificial intelligence of artificial intelligence is the development of public sector policies and laws for promoting and regulating artificial intelligence (AI); it is therefore 31 KB (3,273 words) - 00:11, 18 August 2020 Results from sister projects Popular Science Monthly/Volume 35/July 1889/The Artificial Propagation of Sea-Fishes (1889) The Artificial Propagation of Sea-Fishes by William Keith Brooks 1060053Popular Science Monthly Volume 35 July 1889 — The Artificial Propagation Texts from Wikisource Artificial intelligence For the Steven Spielberg film see A.I. Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer Quotes from Wikiquote Cyberbotics' Robot Curriculum/What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an interdisciplinary field of study that draws from computer science, engineering, philosophy and psychology. There is Textbooks from Wikibooks science, engineering, philosophy and psychology. - Cyberbotics' Robot ===>===>===>===>===>===> The regulation of artificial intelligence is the development of public sector policies and laws for promoting and regulating artificial intelligence (AI); it is therefore related to the broader regulation of algorithms. The regulatory and policy landscape for AI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions globally, including in the European Union. Regulation is considered necessary to both encourage AI and manage associated risks. Regulation of AI through mechanisms such as review boards can also be seen as social means to approach the AI control problem. ===>===>===>===>===>===> globally, including in science, engineering, philosophy and psychology- intelligence of machines Cyberbotics' Robot ===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===>===> Cyberbotics' Robot ===>===>===>===>===>===> Science Monthly Popular Science Monthly/ Artificial Intelligence ------------------------------------------------------------