The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web, founded by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco. It allows the user to go “back in time” and see what websites looked like in the past. Its founders, Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, developed the Wayback Machine with the intention of providing "universal access to all knowledge" by preserving archived copies of defunct webpages.

Since its launch in 2001, over 452 billion pages have been added to the archive. The service has also sparked controversy over whether creating archived pages without the owner's permission constitutes copyright infringement in certain jurisdictions.

• 1History
• 2Technical details
  • 2.1Storage capacity and growth
  • 2.2Growth
  • 2.3Website exclusion policy
• 3Uses
  • 3.1Limitations
  • 3.2In legal evidence
• 4Legal status
• 5Archived content legal issues
  • 5.1Scientology
  • 5.2Healthcare Advocates, Inc.
  • 5.3Suzanne Shell
  • 5.4Daniel Davydiuk
• 6Censorship and other threats
• 7See also
• 8References
• 9External links
  • 9.1Mirrors
  • 9.2Utilities

History

Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down.[4] The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index".[5] Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire Internet and provide "universal access to all knowledge."[6]

The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back), a fictional time-traveling device used by the characters Mister Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon.[7][8] In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, the characters routinely used the machine to witness, participate in, and often alter famous events in history.

The Wayback Machine began archiving cached web pages in May 1996,[9][10] with the goal of making the service public five years later.[11] From 1996 to 2001, the information was kept on digital tape, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database.[12] When the archive reached its fifth anniversary in 2001, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.[13] By the time the Wayback Machine launched, it already contained over 10 billion archived pages.[14]

Today, the data are stored on the Internet Archive's large cluster of Linux nodes.[6] It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below).[15] Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website's URL into the search box, provided that the website allows the Wayback Machine to "crawl" it and save the data.[11]

Technical details

Software has been developed to "crawl" the web and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software.[16] The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.[17]

Crawls are contributed from various sources, some imported from third parties and others generated internally by the Archive.[15] For example, crawls are contributed by the Sloan Foundation and Alexa, crawls run by IA on behalf of NARA and the Internet Memory Foundation, mirrors of Common Crawl.[15] The "Worldwide Web Crawls" have been running since 2010 and capture the global Web.[15][18]

The frequency of snapshot captures varies per website.[15] Websites in the "Worldwide Web Crawls" are included in a "crawl list", with the site archived once per crawl.[15] A crawl can take months or even years to complete depending on size.[15] For example, "Wide Crawl Number 13" started on January 9, 2015, and completed on July 11, 2016.[19] However, there may be multiple crawls ongoing at any one time, and a site might be included in more than one crawl list, so how often a site is crawled varies widely.[15]

As of October 2019, users are limited to 5 archival requests and retrievals per minute.[why?]

Storage capacity and growth

As technology has developed over the years, the storage capacity of the Wayback Machine has grown. In 2003, after only two years of public access, the Wayback Machine was growing at a rate of 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems custom designed by Internet Archive staff. The first 100TB rack became fully operational in June 2004, although it soon became clear that they would need much more storage than that.[20][21]

The Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage in 2009, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.[22] As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month.[23]

A new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and a fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing in 2011.[24] In March that year, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "the Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year."[25] Also in 2011, the Internet Archive installed their sixth pair of PetaBox racks which increased the Wayback Machine's storage capacity by 700 terabytes.[26]

In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs.[27] In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature[28] which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.[29][30]

As of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained 435 billion web pages—almost nine petabytes of data, and was growing at about 20 terabytes a week.[14][31][32]

As of July 2016, the Wayback Machine reportedly contained around 15 petabytes of data.[33]

As of September 2018, the Wayback Machine contained over 25 petabytes of data.[34][35]

Growth

Between October 2013 and March 2015, the website's global Alexa rank changed from 163[36] to 208.[37] In March 2019 the rank was at 244.[38]

Website exclusion policy

Historically, Wayback Machine has respected the robots exclusion standard (robots.txt) in determining if a website would be crawled; or if already crawled, if its archives would be publicly viewable. Website owners had the option to opt-out of Wayback Machine through the use of robots.txt. It applied robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocked the Internet Archive, any previously archived pages from the domain were immediately rendered unavailable as well. In addition, the Internet Archive stated that "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests."[41] In addition, the website says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."[42][43]

On April 17, 2017, reports surfaced of sites that had gone defunct and became parked domains that were using robots.txt to exclude themselves from search engines, resulting in them being inadvertently excluded from the Wayback Machine.[44] The Internet archive changed the policy to now require an explicit exclusion request to remove it from the Wayback Machine.[citation needed]

Oakland Archive Policy[edit]

Wayback's retroactive exclusion policy is based in part upon Recommendations for Managing Removal Requests and Preserving Archival Integrity published by the School of Information Management and Systems at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, which gives a website owner the right to block access to the site's archives.[45] Wayback has complied with this policy to help avoid expensive litigation.[46]

The Wayback retroactive exclusion policy began to relax in 2017, when it stopped honoring robots.txt on U.S. government and military web sites for both crawling and displaying web pages. As of April 2017, Wayback is ignoring robots.txt more broadly, not just for U.S. government websites.[47][48][49][50]

Uses

From its public launch in 2001, the Wayback Machine has been studied by scholars both for the ways it stores and collects data as well as for the actual pages contained in its archive. As of 2013, scholars had written about 350 articles on the Wayback Machine, mostly from the information technology, library science, and social science fields. Social science scholars have used the Wayback Machine to analyze how the development of websites from the mid-1990s to the present has affected the company's growth.[14]

When the Wayback Machine archives a page, it usually includes most of the hyperlinks, keeping those links active when they just as easily could have been broken by the Internet's instability. Researchers in India studied the effectiveness of the Wayback Machine's ability to save hyperlinks in online scholarly publications and found that it saved slightly more than half of them.[51]

Journalists use the Wayback Machine to view dead websites, dated news reports, and changes to website contents. Its content has been used to hold politicians accountable and expose battlefield lies.[52] In 2014, an archived social media page of Igor Girkin, a separatist rebel leader in Ukraine, showed him boasting about his troops having shot down a suspected Ukrainian military airplane before it became known that the plane actually was a civilian Malaysian Airlines jet (Malaysia Airlines Flight 17), after which he deleted the post and blamed Ukraine's military for downing the plane.[52][53] In 2017, the March for Science originated from a discussion on reddit that indicated someone had visited Archive.org and discovered that all references to climate change had been deleted from the White House website. In response, a user commented, "There needs to be a Scientists' March on Washington".[54][55][56]

Furthermore, the site is used heavily for verification, providing access to references and content creation by Wikipedia editors.[citation needed]

Limitations

In 2014 there was a six-month lag time between when a website was crawled and when it became available for viewing in the Wayback Machine.[57] Currently, the lag time is 3 to 10 hours.[58] The Wayback Machine offers only limited search facilities. Its "Site Search" feature allows users to find a site based on words describing the site, rather than words found on the web pages themselves.[59]

The Wayback Machine does not include every web page ever made due to the limitations of its web crawler. The Wayback Machine cannot completely archive web pages that contain interactive features such as Flash platforms and forms written in JavaScript and progressive web applications, because those functions require interaction with the host website. The Wayback Machine's web crawler has difficulty extracting anything not coded in HTML or one of its variants, which can often result in broken hyperlinks and missing images. Due to this, the web crawler cannot archive "orphan pages" that contain no links to other pages.[59][60] The Wayback Machine's crawler only follows a predetermined number of hyperlinks based on a preset depth limit, so it cannot archive every hyperlink on every page.[18]

In legal evidence

Civil litigation

In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.[61]

Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's website and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly.[62] An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."[61]

Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.[61]

In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. October 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's website. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial.[63][64] At the trial, however, District Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings, and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page, printouts were not self-authenticating.[65][66]

Patent law[edit]

Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g., providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.[67]

Limitations of utility

There are technical limitations to archiving a website, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by website archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screenshots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.[68]

Legal status

In Europe, the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator.[69] The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site.[70]

Archived content legal issues

A number of cases have been brought against the Internet Archive specifically for its Wayback Machine archiving efforts.

Scientology

In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine.[71] An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner".[72] Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.[73]

Healthcare Advocates, Inc.

In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their website from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their website, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff website from the Wayback Machine, however, some material continued to be publicly visible on Wayback.[74] The lawsuit was settled out of court, after Wayback fixed the problem.[75]

Suzanne Shell

Activist Suzanne Shell filed suit in December 2005, demanding Internet Archive pay her US$100,000 for archiving her website profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004.[76][77] Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service.[78] On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract.[77] The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.[79]

On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit.[76] The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."[80]

Daniel Davydiuk

Between 2013 and 2016, a pornographic actor named Daniel Davydiuk tried to remove archived images of himself from the Wayback Machine's archive, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the archive, and then by appealing to the Federal Court of Canada.[81][82][83]

Censorship and other threats

Archive.org is currently blocked in China.[84][85] After the site enabled the encrypted HTTPS protocol, the Internet Archive was blocked in its entirety in Russia in 2015.[52][86][87][needs update?]

Alison Macrina, director of the Library Freedom Project, notes that "while librarians deeply value individual privacy, we also strongly oppose censorship".[52]

There are known rare cases where online access to content which "for nothing" has put people in danger was disabled by the website.[52]

Other threats include natural disasters,[88] destruction (remote or physical),[citation needed] manipulation of the archive's contents (see also: cyberattack, backup), problematic copyright laws[89] and surveillance of the site's users.[90]

Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable".[91]

In an article reflecting on the preservation of human knowledge, The Atlantic has commented that the Internet Archive, which describes itself to be built for the long-term,[92] "is working furiously to capture data before it disappears without any long-term infrastructure to speak of."[93]

See also

• List of Web archiving initiatives
• Deep web
• Heritrix
• Library Genesis
• Web archiving

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75. ^ Bangeman, Eric (August 31, 2006). "Internet Archive Settles Suit Over Wayback Machine". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved November 29,2007.
76. ^ Jump up to:a b Internet Archive v. Shell, 505 F.Supp.2d 755 at justia.com, 1:2006cv01726 (Colorado District Court August 31, 2006) ("'April 25, 2007 Settlement agreement announced.' Filing 65, 2007-04-30: '...therefore ORDERED that this matter shall be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE...'").
77. ^ Jump up to:a b Babcock, Lewis T., Chief Judge (February 13, 2007). "Internet Archive v. Shell Civil Action No. 06cv01726LTBCBS"(PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2015. 1) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for conversion and civil theft (Second Cause of Action) is GRANTED, 2) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for breach of contract (Third Cause of Action) is DENIED; 3) Internet Archive's motion to dismiss Shell's counterclaim for Racketeering under RICO and COCCA (Fourth Cause of Action) is GRANTED.
78. ^ Claburn, Thomas (March 16, 2007). "Colorado Woman Sues To Hold Web Crawlers To Contracts". New York, NY, US: InformationWeek, UBM Tech, UBM LLC. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2015. Computers can enter into contracts on behalf of people. The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA) says that a 'contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the electronic agents' actions or the resulting terms and agreements.'
79. ^ Samson, Martin H., Phillips Nizer LLP (2007). "Internet Archive v. Suzanne Shell". internetlibrary.com. Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2015. More importantly, held the court, Internet Archive's mere copying of Shell's site, and display thereof in its database, did not constitute the requisite exercise of dominion and control over defendant's property. Importantly, noted the court, the defendant at all times owned and operated her own site. Said the Court: 'Shell has failed to allege facts showing that Internet Archive exercised dominion or control over her website, since Shell's complaint states explicitly that she continued to own and operate the website while it was archived on the Wayback machine. Shell identifies no authority supporting the notion that copying documents is by itself enough of a deprivation of use to support conversion. Conversely, numerous circuits have determined that it is not.'
80. ^ brewster (April 25, 2007). "Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell Settle Lawsuit". archive.org. Denver, CO, USA: Internet Archive. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2015. Both parties sincerely regret any turmoil that the lawsuit may have caused for the other. Neither Internet Archive nor Ms Shell condones any conduct which may have caused harm to either party arising out of the public attention to this lawsuit. The parties have not engaged in such conduct and request that the public response to the amicable resolution of this litigation be consistent with their wishes that no further harm or turmoil be caused to either party.
81. ^ Stobbe, Richard (December 5, 2014). "Copyright Implications Of A "Right To Be Forgotten"? Or How To Take-Down The Internet Archive". Mondaq. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
82. ^ McVeigh, Glennys (October 16, 2014). Philpott, James; Weissman, Adam; Bucholz, Ren; Kettles, Brent; Pearl, Aaron (eds.). "Davydiuk v. Internet Archive Canada, 2014 FC 944". CanLII. Federation of Law Societies of Canada. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
83. ^ Southcott, Richard F. (November 30, 2016). Philpott, John; Alton, Alex; Bucholz, Ren (eds.). "Davydiuk v. Internet Archive Canada and Internet Archive, 2016 FC 1313 (CanLII)". CanLII. Ottawa, Ontario: Federation of Law Societies of Canada. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
84. ^ Conger, Kate. "Backing up the history of the internet in Canada to save it from Trump". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
85. ^ "Where to find what's disappeared online, and a whole lot more: the Internet Archive". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
86. ^ Chirgwin, Richard. "There's no Wayback in Russia: Putin blocks Archive.org". Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
87. ^ "Russia won't go Wayback, blocks the Internet Archive". Digital Trends. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
88. ^ "Help Us Keep the Archive Free, Accessible, and Reader Private | Internet Archive Blogs". November 29, 2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
89. ^ "Internet Archive: Proposed Changes To DMCA Would Make Us "Censor The Web"". Consumerist. June 7, 2016. Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
90. ^ Herb, Ulrich. "Die Trump-Angst grassiert" (in German). heise online. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
91. ^ LaFrance, Adrienne. "The Internet's Dark Ages". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
92. ^ "The Entire Internet Will Be Archived In Canada to Protect It From Trump". Motherboard. November 29, 2016. Archivedfrom the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
93. ^ LaFrance, Adrienne (June 3, 2016). "The Human Fear of Total Knowledge". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2017.

External links

• Official website
• "Terms of use, privacy and copyright policy". archive.org. December 31, 2014.
• "Basic users'how-to guide for searching or saving web pages". WikiHow .com (in English, German, Spanish, French, and Italian).
• Internet history is fragile. This archive is making sure it doesn’t disappear. San Francisco: PBS Newshour. Retrieved September 19, 2018.

Mirrors

• "Official mirror of the Wayback Machine". Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Years 1996-2007 (as of 2019).

Utilities

• "OpenWayback. FOSS java and perl, with proxy replay mode". sourceforge .net. (by IIPC)
• "Tool to retrieve a backup from the Wayback Machine". github.com.
• "Wayback Machine Downloader Online" (in English and Polish). Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

• History of the Internet
• Internet Archive projects
• Web archiving initiatives
• Internet properties established in 1996
• 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations
• 1996 establishments in California
• Non-profit organizations based in San Francisco

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